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The pathomorphology of urolithiasis and the chemical analysis of the stones by x-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18565/urology.2021.6.30-34
Petrit Nuraj, Agron Beqiri
Department of Urology, University Clinical Center of Kosovo, Prishtina, Republic of Kosovo
Background: Stones consist of the organic, inorganic and amorphous part. The factors that affect the formation of stones can be divided into two categories; 1). Those that are in the urine and form the crystalline nucleus, agglomeration, which includes proteins, salts, glycoprotein’s, phospholipids, and 2). Changes in cell surface leading to crystal adhesion to epithelial cells.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the composition of uroliths (stones), nucleus, envelope, core component and stone layer component.
Material and Methods: The research was conducted with patients of the Urology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Kosovo, in Prishtina. The work was prospectivein our research were included 102 patients. After the intervention: endoscopic or surgery, we took the stone and did the chemical analysis of the stones with the method: X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. This will determine the components of the stones and their types. From the statistical parameters, the structure index, arithmetic mean, and standard deviation were calculated. Qualitative data testing was done with X2-test or Fisher test. Quantitative data testing with T-test., Test verification was done with a reliability rate of 99.7% (p<0.01) and a reliability of 95% (p<0.05).
Results: Our study included66.7% male and 33.3% female. With X2-test we gained a difference with statistically significant significance in the number of cases by gender (X2=11.3, p=0.001). The age group most attacked is 40-49 years. The chemical component of stone patients was: 58.8% Calcium oxalate monohydrate, 14.7% Calcium Phosphate, 10.8% Magnesium ammonium phosphate, 5.9% Calcium oxalate dihydrate, 4.9% Uric acid, 2.9% Cystinic, 1.0% Ammonium hydrogen urate and brush 1.0%. We have the group of children who are 8 cases or 7.84%. The chemical composition; Calcium oxalate monohydrate 2.94%, Cystinic; 1.96%, Calcium Ox.Dihydrate; 0.98%, Magnesium ammonium phosphate; 0.98%, uric acid; 0.98%.
Conclusion: X-ray diffraction analyzes the crystalline components of the stone, while infrared spectroscopy is more sophisticated to identify non-crystalline materials, including amorphous substances and fat. In our adult research, calcium oxalate monohydrate, calcium phosphate stones appear more often, while in children, calcium oxalate monohydrate. The most common stone nucleus analysis is Ammonium hydrogen urate.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the composition of uroliths (stones), nucleus, envelope, core component and stone layer component.
Material and Methods: The research was conducted with patients of the Urology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Kosovo, in Prishtina. The work was prospectivein our research were included 102 patients. After the intervention: endoscopic or surgery, we took the stone and did the chemical analysis of the stones with the method: X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. This will determine the components of the stones and their types. From the statistical parameters, the structure index, arithmetic mean, and standard deviation were calculated. Qualitative data testing was done with X2-test or Fisher test. Quantitative data testing with T-test., Test verification was done with a reliability rate of 99.7% (p<0.01) and a reliability of 95% (p<0.05).
Results: Our study included66.7% male and 33.3% female. With X2-test we gained a difference with statistically significant significance in the number of cases by gender (X2=11.3, p=0.001). The age group most attacked is 40-49 years. The chemical component of stone patients was: 58.8% Calcium oxalate monohydrate, 14.7% Calcium Phosphate, 10.8% Magnesium ammonium phosphate, 5.9% Calcium oxalate dihydrate, 4.9% Uric acid, 2.9% Cystinic, 1.0% Ammonium hydrogen urate and brush 1.0%. We have the group of children who are 8 cases or 7.84%. The chemical composition; Calcium oxalate monohydrate 2.94%, Cystinic; 1.96%, Calcium Ox.Dihydrate; 0.98%, Magnesium ammonium phosphate; 0.98%, uric acid; 0.98%.
Conclusion: X-ray diffraction analyzes the crystalline components of the stone, while infrared spectroscopy is more sophisticated to identify non-crystalline materials, including amorphous substances and fat. In our adult research, calcium oxalate monohydrate, calcium phosphate stones appear more often, while in children, calcium oxalate monohydrate. The most common stone nucleus analysis is Ammonium hydrogen urate.
About the Autors
Corresponding author: Petrit Nuraj – MD, MS, PhD, Department of Urology, University Clinical Center of Kosovo, Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina, Kosovo. E-mail: petrit.nuraj@uni-pr.edu
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