Complex forms of urolithiasis, such as staghorn and multiple stones, are one of the most severe diseases of the urinary tract. The treatment is associated with high intra- and postoperative risks. These forms of nephrolithiasis are characterized by the frequent presence of residual fragments and disease recurrence, which determines the subsequent need for repeated interventions. Thus far, the choice of treatment strategy presents significant difficulties even for experienced urologists. The maximum efficiency of the treatment of complex forms of kidney stones and minimizing the incidence of complications and re-interventions determine the high scientific interest in this problem. Data reflecting the efficiency and complications of different surgical procedures in patients with complex forms of kidney stones are presented in the article.

Keywords: anatrophic nephrolithotomy, retrograde intrarenal surgery, staghorn stones, laparoscopic pyelolithotomy, extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy