Introduction. The second most common reason for prescribing antibiotics in children is urinary tract infection (UTI). Since antimicrobial stewardship is a priority in the further development of strategies of the treatment of children with UTIs, the need to form an optimal model for its diagnosis and treatment is relevant in pediatric urology.
Aim. To analyze domestic and foreign publications devoted to the study of the urinary tract microbiome in children.
Results. Cultivation or culturing methods continue to be considered the “gold standard” in many countries for the diagnosis of bacterial infections, although more sensitive and specific technologies are available. A urine sample was previously considered sterile if uropathogens did not grow using standard techniques. It remains unclear whether standard microbial culturing methods are adequate to determine species diversity and identify all microorganisms capable of causing UTIs.
A study of the bladder microbiome and maintenance of its homeostasis to prevent inflammatory lower urinary tract diseases is an emerging area of research. It is known that the bladder of a healthy person contains non-uropathogenic bacteria, such as Lactobacillus, which are believed to function as an immune system and protect against the effects of uropathogens.

Keywords: urobiome, microbiome, pediatrics, vesicoureteral reflux, urinary tract infection