2. Hooton T.M., Scholes D., Hughes J.P. et al. A prospective study of risk factors for symptomatic urinary tract infection in young women. N Engl. J. Med. 1996;335(7):468–474. Doi: 10.1056/NEJM199608153350703.

3. Chu C.M., Lowder J.L. Diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections across age groups. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2018;219(1):40–51. Doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.12.231

4. Ahmed H., Farewell D., Jones H.M. et al. Incidence and antibiotic prescribing for clinically diagnosed urinary tract infection in older adults in UK primary care, 2004–2014. PLoS One. 2018;13(1):e0190521. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190521

5. Azami M., Jaafari Z., Masoumi M. et al. The etiology and prevalence of urinary tract infection and asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women in Iran: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. BMC Urol. 2019;19(1):43. Doi:10.1186/s12894-019-0454-8.

6. Shaikh N., Morone N.E., Bost J.E., Farrell M.H. Prevalence of urinary tract infection in childhood: a meta-analysis. Pediatr. Infect. Dis J. 2008;27(4):302–308. Doi: 10.1097/INF.0b013e31815e4122.

7. Alós J.I. Epidemiology and etiology of urinary tract infections in the community. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the main pathogens and clinical significance of resistance. Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol Clin. 2005;23(Suppl. 4):3–8. Doi: 10.1157/13091442.

8. Jhang J.F., Kuo H.C. Recent advances in recurrent urinary tract infection from pathogenesis and biomarkers to prevention. Ci Ji Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2017;29(3):131–137. Doi:10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_53_17.

9. Rafalsky V.V. Antibiotic resistance of pathogens causing uncomplicated urinary tract infections in Russian Federation. Urology Herald. 2018;6(3):50-56. (In Russ.). Doi: 10.21886/2306-6424-2018-6-3-50-56. Russian (Рафальский В.В. Антибиотикорезистентность возбудителей неосложненных инфекций мочевых путей в Российской Федерации. Вестник урологии. 2018;6(3):50–56. https://doi.org/10.21886/2308-6424-2018-6-3-50-56).

10. Kuzmenkov A.Yu., Trushin I.V., Avramenko A.A., Eidelshtein M.V., Dehnich A.V., Kozlov R.S. AMRmap: an online platform for monitoring antibiotic resistance. Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (Klinicheskaia mikrobiologiia i antimikrobnaia khimioterapiia). 2017;19(2):84–90. Russian (Кузьменков А.Ю., Трушин И.В., Авраменко А.А. и др. AMRmap: интернет-платформа мониторинга антибиотикорезистентности. Клиническая микробиология и антимикробная химиотерапия. 2017;19(2):84–90).

11. Vinogradova A.G., Kuzmenkov A.Yu. Application of AMRmap: «from the general to the specific» approach by the example of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (Klinicheskaia mikrobiologiia i antimikrobnaia khimioterapiia). 2019;(21)2:181–186. Russian (Виноградова А.Г., Кузьменков А.Ю. Практическое применение AMRmap: элементы подхода «от общего к частному» на примере Klebsiella pneumoniae. Клиническая микробиология и антимикробная химиотерапия. 2019;(21)2: 181–186. Doi: 10.36488/cmac.2019.2.181-186). Doi: 10.36488/cmac.2019.2.181-186.

12. Kozlov R.S., Palagin I.S., Golub A.V. Oral third-generation cephalosporins in the treatment of community-acquired urinary tract infections. Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (Klinicheskaia mikrobiologiia i antimikrobnaia khimioterapiia). 2019;21(3):225–228. Russian (Козлов Р.С., Палагин И.С., Голуб А.В. Пероральные цефалоспорины III поколения при внебольничных инфекциях мочевых путей: современные аспекты применения. Клиническая микробиология и антимикробная химиотерапия. 2019;21(3):225–228). Doi: 10.36488/cmac.2019.3.225-228.

13. Palagin I.S., Sukhorukova M.V., Dekhnich A.V. et al. Antimicrobial resistance of pathogens causing community-acquired urinary tract infections in Russia: results of the multicenter study «DARMIS-2018». Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (Klinicheskaia mikrobiologiia i antimikrobnaia khimioterapiia). 2019;21(2):134–146. Russian (Палагин И.С., Сухорукова М.В. Дехнич А.В и др. Антибиотикорезистентность возбудителей внебольничных инфекций мочевых путей в России: результаты многоцентрового исследования «ДАРМИС-2018». КМАХ. 2019;21(2):134–146). Doi: 10.36488/cmac.2019.2.134–146.

14. Mysorekar I.U., Hultgren S.J. Mechanisms of uropathogenic Escherichia coli persistence and eradication from the urinary tract. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2006;103(38):14170–14175. Doi: 10.1073/pnas.0602136103.

15. Rosen D.A., Hooton T.M., Stamm W.E. et al. Detection of intracellular bacterial communities in human urinary tract infection. PLoS Med. 2007;4(12):e329. Doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040329.

16. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/surveillance-antimicrobial-resistance-europe-2018

17. Bonkat G., Pickard R., Bartoletti R. et al. The Netherlands: European Association of Urology; 2018. EAU Guidelines on Urological Infections. Limited update March 2018. Available from: https://uroweb.org/wp-content/uploads/EAU-Guidelines-on-Urological-Infections-2018-large-text.pdf

18. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng109/evidence/evidence-review-pdf-6545836765/

19. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Management of suspected bacterial urinary tract infection in adults. Edinburgh: SIGN; 2012. (SIGN publication no. 88).

20. Holm A., Cordoba G., Aabenhus R. Prescription of antibiotics for urinary tract infection in general practice in Denmark. Scand. J. Prim. Health Care. 2019;37(1):83–89. Doi: 10.1080/02813432.2019.1569425.

21. Kranz J., Schmidt S., Lebert C. The 2017 Update of the German Clinical Guideline on Epidemiology, Diagnostics, Therapy, Prevention, and Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections in Adult Patients. Part II: Therapy and Prevention. Urol. Int. 2018;100(3):271–278. Doi: 10.1159/000487645.

22. Gupta K., Hooton T.M., Naber K.G. et al. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: A 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2011;52(5):e103–120. Doi: 10.1093/cid/ciq257

23. Kang C.I., Kim J., Park D.W. et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Antibiotic Treatment of Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infections. Infect. Chemother. 2018;50(1):67–100. Doi: 10.3947/ic.2018.50.1.67.

24. https://www.auanet.org/guidelines/recurrent-uti

25. https://www.ooorou.ru/ru/page/rcr.html.

26. Perepanova T.S. Federal clinical recommendations «Antimicrobial therapy and prevention of infections of the kidneys, urinary tract and male genitals-2015». Terapevticheskij arhiv. 2016;4:100–104. Russian (Перепанова Т.С. Федеральные клинические рекомендации «Антимикробная терапия и профилактика инфекций почек, мочевыводящих путей и мужских половых органов – 2015 г.».Терапевтический архив. 2016;4:100–104). Doi: 10.17116/terarkh2016884100-104.

27. Zhanel G.G., Walkty A.J., Karlowsky J.A. Fosfomycin: A First-Line Oral Therapy for Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis. Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol. 2016;2016:2082693. Doi:10.1155/2016/2082693.

28. Crellin E., Mansfield K.E., Leyrat C. et al. Trimethoprim use for urinary tract infection and risk of adverse outcomes in older patients: cohort study. BMJ. 2018;360:k341. Doi: 10.1136/bmj.k341.

29. Fransen F., Melchers M.J.B., Lagarde C.M.C. et al. Pharmacodynamics of nitrofurantoin at different pH levels against pathogens involved in urinary tract infections. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2017;72(12):3366–3373. Doi: 10.1093/jac/dkx313.

30. Yang L., Wang K., Li H. et al. The influence of urinary pH on antibiotic efficacy against bacterial uropathogens. Urology. 2014;84(3):731.e1–7. Doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2014.04.048.

31. Dewar S., Reed L.C, Koerner R.J. et al. Emerging clinical role of pivmecillinam in the treatment of urinary tract infection in the context of multidrug-resistant bacteria. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2014;69(2):303–308. Doi: 10.1093/jac/dkt368/

32. Babiker A., Clarke L., Doi Y., Shields R.K. Fosfomycin for treatment of multidrug-resistant pathogens causing urinary tract infection: A real-world perspective and review of the literature. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2019;95(3):114856. Doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.06.008.

33. Jansåker F., Thønnings S., Hertz F.B. et al. Three versus five days of pivmecillinam for community-acquired uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled superiority trial. EClinical Medicine. 2019;12:62–69. Doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2019.06.009.

34. Huttner A., Verhaegh E.M., Harbarth S. et al. Nitrofurantoin revisited: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2015;70(9):2456–2464. Doi: 10.1093/jac/dkv147.

35. Sadler S., Holmes M., Ren S. et al. Cost-effectiveness of antibiotic treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women: a comparison of four antibiotics. BJGP Open. 2017;1(3):bjgpopen17X101097. Doi:10.3399/bjgpopen17X101097.

36. Pujades-Rodriguez M., West R.M., Wilcox M.H., Sandoe J. Lower Urinary Tract Infections: Management, Outcomes and Risk Factors for Antibiotic Re-prescription in Primary Care. EClinicalMedicine. 2019;14:23–31. Doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2019.07.012.

37. Ahmed H., Davies F., Francis N. et al. Long-term antibiotics for prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ Open. 2017;7(5):e015233. Doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015233.